Ancient history Gs1 ( Indus Valley Civilization)
INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
:-Indus valley civilization is also known as Harappan Civilization or bronze civilization.
:- The area of Indus Valley Civilization roughly closer to shape of a triangle.The area of Indus Valley Civilization in North (mand Jammu and Kashmir )and in ( East Alamgirpur Uttar Pradesh) and in (south Daimabad Maharashtra) and (west suktagendar in Pakistan and Afghanistan.)
Sites of Indus Valley
:- In 1920 Archaeological Survey of India headed by J.HMarshall decided to go for exevation in western Punjab and Sindh province. the task of exevation was entrusted which two Indian archaeologist Dayaram Sahni and R.Dbanarji in 1921 hadappa was exevated by R.D banarji and In 1922 Mohenjodaro was exevated by R.D Banerji.
AT this moment the British government in India declared that Indus valley civilization is the most advanced civilization of the world. EARLIER due to the monumental structure like pyramids, Egypt civilization was considered most advanced but Indus Valley Civilization despite not having any monumental building was given the acronyms of most advanced civilization due to first use of burnt brick in the world and also it's very advanced urban planning system.
URBAN PLANNING OF INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
::::::::::- Generally Indus town can be divided into two parts on the Western side citadels was created on an appraised platform. Generally this area was fortified.
Administrative building was created in Citadel.
On the eastern side very big lower towns were created. it was meant for habitation of commons.
Lower towns was divided into various sectors and there was very good network of road in grid patterns. Road used to cut each other at right angle .On both the sides of road very good drains work created. The main hole of drains were created with crypsm which observed water and impurity/ West material left behind all the drain were covered with stone or brick slab.
Inside the sector houses were the created there were instances of single story and double story even triple story houses .
all the houses were made up of burnt brick of same shape and size which was in the ratio 4:2:1 . INSIDE the houses kitchens wash rooms courtyard, bedrooms were created and each house were connected with the main drain.
:- Granaries were generally present in Citadel area, but at same places it was found in lower town. This was the scientific structure made for storage of brain strategic pours. In these granaries so then exchange of gases must happen to prevent the grant getting spoil by an Arabic fermentation.
( In the majority of area the road were made from unburn brick)
Common Bath
Common bath was meant for ritual bathing .the stairs of common bath were created from burnt brick and they were created North and South direction in East and West side of bath rooms and Courtyard are created (for example "the great bath of Mohenjo Daro)."
ECONOMIC CONDITION OF INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
:- Indus Valley Civilization was agriculture based economy .The major were cultivated wheat, millet, Rye, pea, sesamum, cotton, melons, berley, rice.(rice was found only two places Rang Pur Lothal )
:-COTTON was the most important crops it is BELIEVE was first cultivated in Indus Valley Civilization in the world.
:- Cotton was used for making clothes and there were three centre of textile industry which are Alamgirpur, kalibangan and Mohenjo-daro all places clothes where manufacturing.There are agricultural commodities exported to following countries or regions such as Oman, Sumer ,dilmun ,Mesopotamia, Egypt ,Afghanistan. magon region.
Metal:::- copper tin, gold and silver was known To Indus valley peoples. Tin was imported from Afghanistan and gold silver was imported from Mesopotamia and copper was abundant available in India from Khetri and jhunjhuni copper mines
:-copper was generally used for creating tools gold and silver was used for creating seals.
:-Copper and Tin mixture that is bronze was used for creating arm and sculpture.
Precious stones::::::- Indus Valley people were found of ornaments and jewellery. They were aware of precious and semi precious stone like AMETHUST, CARNELIAN STONES LAPIS LAZULI and common stones like STEALITE BEADS and AMULETS were created for ornament.
:-IN CHANUDARO very flourishing BEADS industry was there and at Kali bangan bangle industry was there.
SOCIETY OF INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION::-
:-Indus Valley Civilization society was class-based society . THERE were income inequality which was reflected from the pattern of the houses inside the sector,but at the same point of time it can also can be said there were equality of opportunity and mobility in the society.
:- As per the authority in in the society is concerned it is very unclear a lot of history and believe,that it was a patriarchal society .They cite example of coverted position of priest was given to males.
:-On other hand majority of history believe that,it was matriarchal system. They cite example of abundance of image of mother goddess.
:-Indus Valley people were found of cosmetic known to them which include lipstick, soab,kajal,sindoor .They were also aware of benefits of of tincture as an antiseptic, H2cl2 was used for creating tincture.
:-They were also aware of some herbal medicine which can be confirmed from the presence of pistil and mortar.
POLITY OF INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION :-
:-There is no evidence of Monarchial system in Indus valley civilization, but it is very clear that a central authority was there in the Indus valley civilization.
:- There was debate among the historian regarding the central authority some said that the central leaders was democratically elected while other said that priest can also be the central authority, but most of the historian believe that trader and rich merchant class from the central authority.
RELIGIOUS PRACTICES OF INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
:- From the seals it can be confirmed that Indus Valley Civilization people worshipped both male and female deities. In one of the seal a person is depicted sitting in yogic posture His companied with animal like Tiger, Bull, elephant ,Rhinoceros And dear this image was identified as proto Shiva or Pashupati Shiva.
:- Another example Peepal leaves seals which indicates towards natural worship.
:- one of the most abundant worship deity Mother goddess. This some image of the mother goddess a plant of Shown emerging from the nevel point .On the basis of this it is informed that she was goddess of fertility.
Shamanic practices::- Shamanic practices were also prevalent in the Indus valley civilization. it can be confirmed by the use AMULETS.
Decline of Indus Valley Civilization:-
:- By 1800 BC Indus Valley come to an complete end. Initially it was proposed that it come to be an end due to the Aryan invasion but the later this theory was rejected.
:- The theory of femine and malaria also proposed which cannot be proven beyond doubt.
:- Thee most accepted reason of decline of Indus Valley Civilization is change in the climate phenomena like flood and drought which must have led to the end of Indus Valley Civilization.
Mains question:::-
Q1) TO WHAT EXTENT HAS THE URBAN PLANNING AND CULTURE OF INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION PROVIDED INPUTES TO THE PRESENT DAY URBANISATION? DISCUSS. ( GS1 2014)
Q2) THE ANCIENT CIVILIZATION IN INDIAN SUB CONTINENT DIFFERED FROM THE EGYPT, MESOPOTAMIA AND GREECE IN THAT IT'S CULTURE AND TRADITION Have been preserved without a breakdown to the present day. Common. (GS1 2015)
PRELIMS QUESTION::::-
Q1) WHICH ONE OF THE FOLLOWING IS NOT A HARAPPAN SITES?
A. CHANUDARO B. KOT DIJI
C. SOHGAURA D. DESALPUR
ANS. D
THANK YOU SO MUCH ✌✌
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